Presenter: Brett Maurer
Affiliation: Virginia Tech

Abstract: Owing to the combination of densely-recorded ground motions, well-documented liquefaction response, and extensive geotechnical characterization, the 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes resulted in a liquefaction case-history database of unprecedented size and quality. Analyzing in excess of 7,000 liquefaction case histories, this presentation explores various aspects of liquefaction hazard assessment and summarizes five years of pertinent research following the Canterbury earthquakes. Research thrusts to be discussed include: (1) assessing the performance of competing liquefaction triggering procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential; (2) investigating the efficacies of various liquefaction hazard frameworks, to include, among others, the liquefaction potential index (LPI) and liquefaction severity number (LSN); (3) investigating fines-content effects on the accuracy of liquefaction hazard assessment (i.e., are hazard assessments in silts as accurate as those in clean sands?); and (4) utilizing economic considerations (i.e., the consequences of misprediction) to make rational decisions with respect to mitigating liquefaction hazards. From each of these research thrusts, important lessons and remaining challenges will be succinctly summarized.

Presenter: Arrietta Chakos
Affiliation: Urban Resilience Strategies

Abstract: This presentation covers the FEMA P-58 methodology and the newly-available Seismic Performance Prediction Program (SP3) commercial software to implement this methodology. FEMA P-58 is a rigorous method of seismic evaluation, based on a $12M 10-year FEMA project, which provides detailed estimates of building repair cost, repair time, and safety. The SP3 software is a commercial implementation of FEMA P-58, with the goal of making broad use of FEMA P-58 feasible in engineering practice. SP3 puts all of the components of a FEMA P-58 analysis into one place, and streamlines each step, making this analysis feasible in hours rather than days or weeks. The recent emergence of the U.S. Resiliency Council rating system will also be discussed, along with the related Resilience Based Design Initiative (REDi) method, which both build on the FEMA P-58 loss prediction method.

Abstract: Global communities are entering a new, devastating age of vulnerability to natural disasters. Skyrocketing populations, uncontrolled urbanization, and severe weather from climate change are making "mega-disasters" a more common occurrence, with the majority of losses occurring in developing countries. Although we possess the technology to curb the impacts from these events, we have far to go to efficiently assess community risk and disseminate that knowledge to decision-makers and citizens in an effective and intuitive manner. The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing (DIRS) group at the Rochester Institute of Technology is working to address these challenges by utilizing the latest advancements in remote sensing and image processing. Dr. Lang will provide an overview of these technologies and discuss her work to develop a rapid and automated means to collect building inventories and visualize hazard exposure in three dimensions. Researchers at DIRS have pioneered the ability to reconstruct three-dimensional geometric data from satellite and aerial imagery sources. This advancement allows us to generate individual building models and display them on an accessible and navigable platform such as Google Earth. This procedure serves as the backbone of a broader computational framework to capture and aggregate individual building characteristics, including elevation, footprint, and even construction material type. An overview of this procedure will be presented, along with an exploration of demonstration sites in Rochester, New York, and Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Implementation of this effort draws together the latest advancements in remote sensing and image processing technologies and increasing global access to the internet. Satellite and aerial imagery can be obtained anywhere of interest with minimal lead times. The growing use and availability of unmanned aerial systems is likewise expanding collection capabilities with decreasing cost and time. Additionally, today's image processing capabilities offer a vastly improved and efficient method for cataloging and querying the built environment. Resolution capabilities of commercial satellites are now 30 cm planar and 15 cm elevation, with even greater resolution from aerial sensors. And at an ever-increasing rate, isolated and impoverished communities around the world are gaining internet access and joining the global community. We are at a pivotal time to take advantage of these technologies, integrate them into the risk modeling community, and utilize them to assess, visualize, and communicate natural hazard risk to global communities.

Abstract: I will give a live demo of Temblor, a mobile-friendly web app. Temblor uses the best available public data and methods to make seismic risk personal, understandable, and actionable. Temblor is not trying to scare, soothe, or snow people, but rather to let people understand their seismic risk and compare it to other risks they protect themselves against. The app is ad free, free for non-commercial use, and it works throughout the lower 48. Temblor gives you the seismic hazard rank of your location anywhere in the United States. In its map, you can see the faults, quakes, landslides, and liquefaction zones around you. Today's quakes are red; the past month's quakes are green. You can click on quakes or faults to learn more. Given your home's construction year and square footage, you learn the likely cost for seismic damage, and how that cost could be reduced by retrofit, or the chances it would covered by insurance. In the Temblor blog (blog.temblor.net), we notify you about the latest quakes, provide insights, and post editorials about seismic safety and discoveries.

Presenter: Ahmad Wani
Affiliation: One Concern

Abstract: Achieving rapid situational awareness following a natural disaster is a challenge for every emergency operation center. Past events have shown that the current practices of responding to 911 calls on first-come-first-serve basis, relying on social networks, and waiting for manual reports, do not adequately address this issue. Infact, most communication channels are stressed following a natural disaster and the most damaged areas have the greatest difficulty reaching out for help. One Concern empowers emergency managers achieve situational awareness after an earthquake using artificial intelligence on natural phenomena sciences.

Abstract: The M9 Project is a National Science Foundation supported research effort at the University of Washington to better understand the Pacific Northwest's (PNW) seismic risk to Magnitude 9 Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis and landslides, and to improve planning and resilience by exploring the benefits of an earthquake early warning system and novel methods of risk communication to stakeholders and the public. This four year effort is built around a large-scale computational model of the PNW that is used to simulate ground motions time histories for a broad range of large magnitude CSZ rupture scenarios and includes detailed modeling of the geological basins that are underneath Seattle, Everett, Tacoma, and Portland. The spatially distributed simulated ground motions are being used to: (i) investigate response of typical structures in the region, (ii) inform input for computational tsunami models to predict run-up depths, velocities and forces on coastal structures, (iii) predict the regional distribution of landslides, (iv) investigate the liquefaction potential around the region, and (v) to test newly developed earthquake early warning systems. The current and future results of this ongoing research are then being used in community planning exercises that explore aspects of risk communication and perception. At the 2016 EERI Annual Meeting, co-PI Jeffrey Berman will present an overview of the ongoing research project. The presentation will focus on the simulation of CSZ ground motions, their impacts on structural systems, and the modeling of CSZ generated tsunamis and their impacts on structures. More information on the M9 Project is available at: http://m9.ess.washington.edu

Abstract: Damage to water supply systems profoundly affects society after earthquakes. Consequently, for several decades, researchers have developed water-supply loss models that address damage from earthquake shaking, liquefaction, fault offset, and landslide. A new stochastic simulation model is offered here that employs a fairly traditional loss-estimation approach, adding a few notable features: (1) It deals with the entire earthquake sequence, i.e., damage and recovery after the earthquake mainshock, aftershocks, and because of afterslip. (2) It offers an empirical model of service restoration with simplifications to avoid hydraulic analysis. (3) It addresses lifeline interaction by modeling how individual repairs are slowed by limitations in so-called upstream lifelines and other resources. The model is exercised on two Bay Area water supply systems subjected to the hypothetical but highly realistic HayWired earthquake sequence: a M 7.05 mainshock on the Hayward Fault in the eastern San Francisco Bay Area, plus 16 aftershocks of M 5 or greater. The model is validated several ways for each of the case-study systems. One utility anticipates using it to target vulnerable segments of its system for accelerated pipe replacement.

Abstract: Unreinforced masonry (URM) and soft story buildings have been responsible for deaths and property damage in California in the past and will continue to do so in future earthquakes. As California awaits its next major earthquake, a renewed focus on retrofitting hazardous buildings statewide is occurring. What does an owner do when he is notified that he owns a "hazardous building" and should retrofit it to abate the dangerous condition, but financial restraints preclude retrofit action? What happens when a foreseeable event (earthquake, flood or hurricane) triggers the collapse of such buildings with resultant death and injury? Was the death or injury preventable but for the the owner's failure to act reasonably in the face of a known risk? We will address these issues under California law and the recent Myrick v. Mastagni case.

Abstract: I will present on the environmental movement's use of legal action to drive social change, with a view to where the earthquake community might be able to build on some of those successes and learn from some of the challenges. First, I will give background as to how legal action has become a useful tool for the environmental movement. I will briefly explain various approaches environmental advocates have taken toward goals such as better environmental protection in the form of environmental standards, and I will show where legal action can be particularly useful in achieving those goals. I will also describe some of the downsides of pursuing legal action, as well as where legal action may not be the most effective strategy in pursuing environmental protection, so that participants develop an understanding of the pros and cons of a legal approach. Next, I will present examples of successful uses of legal action to promote environmental objectives, highlighting elements that likely contributed to those successes. I will also note some of the challenges, again, so that participants can get a better sense of when the law may be a useful strategy for them. Finally, I will draw links between the characteristics behind successful legal action in the environmental context and potentially favorable characteristics for legal action by the earthquake community. The aim is for the participants (i) to understand when legal action is a particularly promising strategy; and (ii) to be able to apply that understanding to the objectives they are pursuing in the earthquake context.

Presenter: René Vignos
Affiliation: Forell/Elsesser

Title: Legal Action—Structural Engineer's Perspective

Abstract: In many municipalities in California there are ordinances on the books that require building owners to retrofit or at least reduce seismic hazards in their buildings. While many owners will willingly fix their building once made aware of the hazard, there are still certain owners that will delay and avoid compliance by exploiting the over-worked bureaucracies' ability to enforce these laws. Legal action against such building owners is a great way to root out those owners who shirk their responsibility and thereby endanger members of the public with their decisions. The threat of legal action may also be a great way to compel more municipalities to add laws to their books to deal with the most seismically hazardous buildings in their communities. But, as often seen with other attempts to force certain societal behaviors through threat of lawsuits, the more powerful methods of social change can often come through education and social pressure. There are several innovative approaches being used or developed in seismic areas around the world that could have powerful effects in calling attention to seismic hazards including: educating municipalities on the effects of past earthquakes, municipalities requiring evaluations where requiring retrofit is politically difficult, educating the insurance industry seismic hazards to compel retrofits as a requirement of getting insurance coverage, educate the public through the media to publicize known seismic risks in our cities so that pressure can come from an informed citizenry, educate owners on their legal exposure given the current legal judgements recently made in California, engage local engineering organizations to donate services to low income owners who want to understand and deal with seismic risks (but don't have the resources to do so).

Presenter: Brian Tucker
Affiliation: GeoHazards International

Presenter: Carlos Ventura
Affiliation: University of British Columbia

Presenter: Yumei Wang
Affiliation: DOGAMI

Presenter: Barry Welliver
Affiliation: BHW Engineers

Presenter: Marko Schotanus
Affiliation: Rutherford + Chekene

Presenter: David Lallemant
Affiliation: Stanford University

Presenter: Surya Shrestha
Affiliation: NSET

Presenter: Maryann Phipps
Affiliation:

Presenter: Charles Huyck
Affiliation: ImageCat

Presenter: David Friedman
Affiliation: Forell/Elsesser

Presenter: Kathleen Tierney
Affiliation: National Hazards Center

Presenter: Rebekah Paci-Green
Affiliation: Western Washington University

Presenter: Sjoerd van Ballogooy
Affiliation: Tonkin + Taylor Ltd.

Abstract: The 2010-2016 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) affected the Canterbury region of New Zealand resulting in widespread ground surface deformation, mainly due to liquefaction ejecta, liquefaction related volumetric densification of soils, topographic relevelling and lateral spreading, causing extensive land, infrastructure and building damage. The liquefaction affected 51,000 residential properties and damaged approximately 15,000 residential houses beyond economic repair. The total economic losses from the CES were in the order of $40B, with approximately one third of the economic losses being directly attributable to liquefaction. This presentation will examine the lessons learnt from the liquefaction damage and present a case study for a consideration of how we build our residential houses to be affordable, resilient and more readily repairable, by better matching building typology to the natural hazards that have the potential to occur. Five years on from the CES, the repair and rebuild residential houses damaged by the 2010-2011 earthquakes was substantially underway. New houses have been rebuilt either on shallow ground improvements or more robust foundation systems. On 14 February 2016 a MW 5.7 earthquake occurred in Christchurch, once again triggering liquefaction in the eastern suburbs. Preliminary observations of the effects of liquefaction on the new residential house portfolio are presented including comparisons of how the houses on shallow ground improvements and more robust foundation systems performed relative to the houses constructed prior to the CES. This aftershock event provides an excellent case study to evaluate the benefits of improving building resiliency.

Presenter: Youssef Hashash
Affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Abstract: Underground structures are a key component of sustainable cities. In dense urban environments, underground structures are often built near tall buildings. Although such buildings have the potential to alter ground motions in their vicinity and transmit significant forces to adjacent underground structures during earthquakes, these impacts are not well understood. This presentation will describe a research program that includes centrifuge experiments and numerical analyses aimed at understanding the seismic performance of a braced excavation and a permanent box structure buried in medium dense, dry sand. The response of these underground structures is first studied in isolation, then, a model midrise and a high-rise building are added near the underground structures to evaluate their influence. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the presence of an adjacent high-rise building slightly reduces racking displacements on the buried structure, but increases seismic lateral earth pressures on the building side of the buried structure and the response can be captured using three-dimensional models. This enhanced understanding of the interaction of these structures is important to improving the resiliency of our urban infrastructure.

Presenter: Ellen Rathje
Affiliation: University of Texas at Austin

Abstract: One dimensional site response analysis is one of the most commonly used numerical techniques in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Borehole arrays, where earthquake recordings are made at depth as well as the ground surface, provide invaluable data that can be used to assess the numerical techniques used for site response analysis. Borehole array recordings in the US and Japan are used to evaluate equivalent linear (EQL) analysis, equivalent linear analysis with frequency-dependent soil properties (EQL-FD), and fully nonlinear analysis (NL). The required damping to fit the small-strain response is shown to be larger than predicted by typical material damping curves derived from laboratory tests. At peak shear strains less than about 0.1%, all three site response techniques accurately predict site amplification relative to the borehole arrays. At peak shear strains larger than 0.1% and at periods less than about 0.4 s, EQL and NL analyses under-predict site amplification and EQL-FD analyses over-predict site amplification. Consideration of the shear strength of the soil when specifying the modulus reduction curve only slightly improves these comparisons. Additional research is needed to develop appropriate techniques to model large strain site response at periods less than 0.4 s.

Presenter: Jonathan D. Bray
Affiliation: UC Berkeley

Abstract: Several multi-story office buildings settled differentially and were damaged as a result of soil liquefaction during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The state-of-the practice still largely involves estimating building settlement using empirical procedures developed to calculate post-liquefaction, one-dimensional, consolidation settlement in the free-field away from buildings. Performance-based earthquake engineering requires improved procedures, because these free-field analyses cannot possibly capture shear-induced deformations in the soil beneath shallow foundations. Well-documented field case histories of office building performance in the Central Business District of Christchurch provide excellent benchmarks. Differential settlement of shallow-founded structures is often governed by liquefaction of shallow soils and the loss of ground due to the development of sediment ejecta. Shear strains due to shaking-induced ratcheting of buildings into cyclically softened soil are important effects that are not captured in current procedures. Dynamic SSI analysis can be used to evaluate building performance. Recommendations for estimating liquefaction-induced movements of buildings with shallow foundations are made.

Presenter: Laurie A. Johnson
Affiliation: Laurie A. Johnson Consulting | Research

Abstract: A major challenge that communities face in assessing and measuring resilience involves interdependent lifeline systems. Currently lifeline system performance standards and goals are governed by a myriad of codes, standards, and guidelines for the design, construction and operation of individual systems and system components. Recently the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) has sponsored two projects to help address this problem. The first, Earthquake-Resilient Lifelines: NEHRP Research, Development and Implementation Roadmap (NIST GCR 14-917-33) (NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture 2014), developed a four-point program with 28 priority research, development and implementation topics to guide investments by NIST and other federal agencies in generating national performance goals for six key lifeline systems (e.g., electric power, gas and liquid fuel, water, wastewater, telecommunications and transportation) in concert with the development of needed codes, standards, guidelines, and manuals for key systems and components, and a coherent and well-coordinated plan to promote their voluntary adoption by communities and lifeline providers. The second, being conducted by the Applied Technology Council, is implementing one of the priority recommendations in the NIST Earthquake-Resilient Lifelines roadmap, to assess societal expectations of acceptable lifeline performance levels and restoration times with an expansion to consider seismic (including tsunami) as well as wind, flood, snow/ice and wildfire hazards. Ultimately, this project seeks to provide a technical foundation for first-generation systems-based models that will analyze community resilience and account for interdependencies among infrastructure systems and the social systems that they support. Conceptual thinking about resilience measurement also needs to consider the moment of resilience and whether resilience actions and interventions occur before or after the disaster onset. Frameworks like the Rockefeller Foundation and Arup, Community Resilience Framework (2014), the NIST Community Resilience Planning Guide for Building and Infrastructure Systems (2015), and the SPUR "Target States of Recovery for San Francisco Buildings and Infrastructure" (2009) have been primarily designed for and used in pre-disaster resilience planning, helping communities to craft a resilience vision and then to identify and prioritize actions or interventions leading to resilience ahead of disaster. By their very nature, disasters cause a simultaneous loss of capital across multiple societal systems putting them in a hyper-interdependent state. To be useful, post-disaster resilience measurements have to be conducted systematically and sustained over time in order to understand the recovery and resilience trajectories of different societal systems and the interdependencies among systems. The Canterbury Wellbeing Index and the Canterbury Wellbeing Survey, designed and implemented by New Zealand's national government in the aftermath of the 2010-2011 earthquake sequence, offer useful insights into the conduct of post-disaster, community-scale, resilience assessments and their potential value in recovery and resilience policy design and implementation.

Presenter: Alan Kwok
Affiliation: Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand

Abstract: As local communities begin to translate national and sub-national disaster resilience policies into practice, there is a growing need for governments and local stakeholder groups to identify resilience gaps and evaluate progress and investment strategies. Much of the existing research on resilience measurements assesses factors pertaining to a spectrum of societal domains, which includes social, economic, institutional, infrastructural, and natural environments. More recently, there is an increasing recognition on the importance of social resilience – the ability of groups or communities to cope with external disturbances – and how it contributes to community preparedness, disaster response and post-disaster recovery. However, despite a focus on social resilience by researchers and practitioners, there are tremendous variations in how social resilience is assessed. This presentation seeks to address the existing tools that measure social resilience, as well as the opportunities and challenges in evaluating programs that build resilience of the social environment at a community level. The first part of the presentation provides an overview of existing research and government efforts that assess community resilience in New Zealand. It reviews the Canterbury Wellbeing Survey that tracks recovery of post-earthquake Christchurch, resilience measurements in Auckland, as well as current tools that evaluate socioeconomic vulnerabilities and progress nationally. The second part of the presentation dives into how social resilience is defined and the key attributes that make communities socially resilient. It reports on the findings from a workshop that was conducted in late 2015 with academic researchers, emergency management practitioners from both public and private sectors, and policymakers from the government in the Wellington region. Although there are many facets to social resilience, a proposed core set of indicators is presented that serves as a foundation for understanding and measuring pre-disaster levels of social resilience of communities. The last part of the presentation bridges research and practice to identify ways forward. It discusses past and current efforts in New Zealand that increase social resilience of communities. It also highlights opportunities and challenges in developing metrics for assessing community resilience programs and tracking social resilience of people and communities.

Presenter: Michael Mieler
Affiliation: Johns Hopkins University/University of CA, Berkeley

Abstract: The built environment, which includes buildings, lifeline systems, and other engineered structures, plays a vital role in the normal functioning of a community, both in day-to-day operations and in the aftermath of a major disaster. As recent earthquakes in Chile, New Zealand, and Japan have demonstrated, damage to the built environment can generate enormous societal impact, ranging from displacement of individual families and businesses to disruption of entire economic sectors and community services. Consequently, a significant component in the effort to mitigate these cascading impacts involves developing new frameworks, methodologies, and tools for assessing the resilience of the built environment at multiple scales, ranging from individual facilities (e.g., a hospital) to networks of buildings and lifeline systems that support critical community services (e.g., a regional healthcare network). This presentation describes several new frameworks, methodologies, and tools for assessing the resilience of the built environment at different scales. First, it discusses recent advances in quantifying the resilience of individual facilities. These new tools and models, which build upon traditional structural analysis methods for estimating forces and displacements, aim to predict damage and evaluate its impact on functionality, downtime, and the services the facility provides (e.g., emergency surgery at a hospital). These models account for not only structural and nonstructural damage, but also the availability of important utilities, supply chains, and personnel. Next, the presentation describes efforts to measure the resilience of networks of buildings and lifeline systems. These network models integrate components from various modeling domains to predict how failures and outages throughout the built environment impact a particular network’s ability to support an important community service (e.g., healthcare). Last, the presentation describes an ongoing initiative of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) to develop resilience-based performance standards for the buildings and lifeline systems. The intent of these new standards is to connect resilience metrics and objectives across multiple scales of the built environment, thereby ensuring that individual buildings and lifeline systems are designed to perform in a manner that is compatible with community-level resilience goals.

Presenter: Sharyl J. M. Rabinovici

Presenter: Arrietta Chakos
Affiliation: Urban Resilience Strategies

Presenter: David Cocke
Affiliation: Structural Focus

Presenter: Laura Samant

Presenter: Yumei Wang
Affiliation: DOGAMI

Presenter: Thomas O'Rourke
Affiliation: Cornell University

Abstract: Lifelines are often grouped into six principal systems, including electric power, gas and liquid fuels, telecommunications, transportation, water, and wastewater systems. They are intricately linked with the economic well-being, security, and social fabric of the communities they serve, and may be regarded as the complex of delivery systems that define modern society and the communities within it. Professor O'Rourke will focus on lifelines as geographically distributed systems subject to various hazards, variations in hazard, and variable and uncertain conditions of repair and proximity to other lifelines. He will address approaches to mitigation by summarizing key lessons learned about lifelines during extreme events, including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and accidents. He will identify common features of lifeline systems that affect their performance under multi-hazard conditions, and will provide examples of critical dependencies and interdependencies among lifelines. Finally, he will propose a strategy to mitigate earthquake and other hazards that takes into consideration of the age and declining functionality of our infrastructure, institutional constraints that influence its management, and the local and global impacts that affect community resilience.

Abstract: The Los Angeles Water System is implementing a Seismic Resilience Program as part of a larger plan to improve the City's seismic resilience as outlined in the Resilience by Design report released by the Mayor December 8, 2014. The Water System Seismic Resilience Program comprehensively integrates into all aspects of water system business. The purpose is to continually improve the Water System seismic resilience in a manner that ensures its seismic sustainability and improves the resilience and sustainability of Los Angeles. Water System resilience is critical for providing the water delivery, quality, quantity, fire protection, and functionality service categories, all necessary for supporting community resilience. The goal of a resilient Water System is to limit the total number of service losses and restore the water service categories as rapidly as possible while protecting property, life safety, and the regional social and economic stability. This presentation reviews the Los Angeles Water System resiliency then provides brief descriptions of recommendations and potential tasks which may be implemented to accomplish the recommendations. Key aspects presented include: (1) Methods for improving the reliability of the Los Angeles aqueduct crossing of the San Andreas fault (SAF) and ability to provide water following a SAF earthquake; (2) the formation of a Seismic Resilient Water Supply Task Force consisting of three major water supply agencies for Southern California, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the California Department of Water Resources. The Task Force was created in 2015 to identify impacts of a seismic event which may impair imported water supply aqueducts, and to address the identified impacts with a regional approach; (3) Developing a Seismic Resilient Pipe Network; (4) Addressing the fire following earthquake risks in Los Angeles; and (5) creating a Resilient Expert Panel to provide independent expert input for the Los Angeles Water System Resilience Program.

Abstract: Caltrans began addressing seismic deficiencies in our bridges following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. While initially limited to installation of cable restrainers, the retrofit program rapidly expanded its scope following the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake and 20 years of intensive retrofitting followed. Non-toll bridges were retrofitted to meet a non-collapse performance goal while toll bridges were retrofitted to meet higher, bridge specific, performance goals. In all, roughly 2200 State owned bridges, 1250 locally owned bridges, and 7 major toll bridges were retrofitted or replaced. Last year, Caltrans initiated an effort to reassess State bridges for seismic vulnerability since the bulk of seismic retrofits occurred about 20 years ago. Since that time ground motion models have improved and previously unknown faults have been identified. Caltrans design practice has evolved as well, including the adoption of probabilistic procedures that increase design seismic loads near active faults. Also, for the first time, State bridges are being screened for liquefaction hazard and potential fault offset. On the research front bridge fragility has been the focus of several recent or on-going studies. Mechanistic based fragility models for new bridges have been developed and are now being cautiously applied. More challenging is the development of fragility models for existing bridges since these bridges reflect an extraordinary diversity of geometries, structural systems, age of construction and design standard. An on-going research study is addressing this complexity through the development of a detailed classification system based on bridge attributes found to have a large impact on fragility. Fragility models will be developed based on this classification system. Looking to the future, Caltrans recognizes that the single bridge focus of current fragility efforts must be extended to a more comprehensive assessment of a highway corridor. Corridor fragilities must include consideration of multiple bridges and the roadway itself. Operational performance characterization will involve a complex interaction of individual bridge performance, roadway performance, and potential reuse of arterials. As corridor performance estimates develop, prioritization decisions will be at the forefront. These decisions will be challenging as the needs of numerous stakeholders are considered. Scenario planning exercises should help to identify issues, facilitate discussion, and build consensus.

Presenter: Dan Wade
Affiliation: SFPUC

Abstract: Program Director Dan Wade will provide an inside look at the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission's (SFPUC) Water System Improvement Program (WSIP), a $4.8 billion program to repair, replace and upgrade critical portions of the Hetch Hetchy Regional Water System that serves more than 2.6 million customers in the Bay Area. In late 2002, voters approved a bond measure to allow the SFPUC to embark on this multi-year capital improvement program to upgrade its potable water system for purposes of improving seismic and delivery reliability, as well as meeting water quality requirements and long-term water supply goals. At over 90 percent completion, the WSIP is the largest infrastructure program ever undertaken by the City and the County of San Francisco and one of the largest water infrastructure programs in the nation. Mr. Wade will present background information on the WSIP, including the need for the program, criteria used to establish level of service (LOS) goals, prioritization of projects, challenges, and risks as well as the current status of the program. The program includes 83 projects spread across seven counties from California's Sierra foothills to San Francisco, including large diameter pipelines, tunnels, pump stations, treatment plants, dams and reservoirs. Several of the key WSIP projects will be presented. Mr. Wade will also discuss the need for continued long-term investment in the system to maintain the levels of service achieved by the WSIP.

Presenter: Kent Ferre
Affiliation: PG&E

Abstract: The goal of the seismic risk management program at PG&E is to systematically reduce earthquake risks to an acceptable level, and to manage residual risks such that safety, damage control, and timely restoration of service are assured. The program is implemented by an interdisciplinary technical task force teams, reviewed by a steering committee consisting of department directors and vice presidents. All PG&E facilities except nuclear plants and dams (nuclear plants and hydro dams fall under the regulatory requirements of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the California Division of Safety of Dams respectively) are evaluated using consistent criteria according to potential impact on safety and importance to PG&E and its customers, and according to earthquake exposure and vulnerability. Those facilities that have significant risk of unacceptable earthquake performance are further evaluated and prioritized for mitigative action. Independent inspection, peer review, and verification are carried out to assure the company that the desired levels of earthquake performance of facilities and their operational systems are being achieved.

Presenter: Hans-Erik Blomgren
Affiliation: Arup

Abstract: Wood construction has been traditionally utilized to reduce inertial demands in high seismic regions. Applications however are often limited to low-rise buildings of light-wood construction with distributed load bearing shear walls. Recent advancements in timber technologies are pushing mass timber systems into larger commercial scale markets where steel and concrete systems currently dominate the landscape. In high seismic regions, mass timber buildings currently lack code-defined lateral force resisting systems. This paper presents a new concept of seismic force resisting system, known as the Heavy Timber Buckling Restrained Braced Frame. The system is intended, although not limited, for application to tall building timber construction, and is inspired by the unbonded brace technology today widely spread throughout Japan and the United States. In order to prequalify the system for future implementation in building codes, the paper first addresses component testing of a brace consisting of a steel core and a mechanically laminated glulam casing acting as the buckling-restraint mechanism. Test results are discussed and implementation at the system level in an archetype building is studied in order to assess overall system-level performance, constructability, and connection detailing.

Presenter: Keri Ryan
Affiliation: University of Nevada-Reno

Abstract: Through a Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) and Japan's National Institute of Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, a full-scale shaking table test of a 5-story base-isolated was carried out at Japan's Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center (E-Defense) in 2011. The building was tested with two different isolation systems (triple pendulum bearings and a hybrid system of lead-rubber bearings and low-friction rolling cross-linear bearings) and in the fixed-base configuration. The tested building had a realistic floor system, nonstructural components (suspended ceilings, sprinkler piping and interior walls), and furnishings, and was subjected to strong earthquake shaking. The tests served as a full-scale proof of the concept of seismic isolation to protect the building from damage in very strong earthquake shaking; for instance, displacement demands across the isolation system were more than twice what has been observed in any previous earthquake event. However, the nonstructural components and furnishings were not completely protected from damage, and the tests showed that these items were sensitive to the vertical component of ground shaking, which is unaffected by the seismic isolation system. While the overall performance of the isolation systems was very impressive when considered against other available options for seismic protection, the tests highlight the challenge of designing a building to remain immediately operational following a large earthquake. This presentation will summarize the test program, present the major findings, and discuss future directions in research and design practice.

Presenter: Reid Zimmerman
Affiliation: KPFF Consulting Engineers

Abstract: The use of mass timber walls as a lateral force-resisting system in regions of high seismicity has gained recent interest in the United States. Mass timber walls, in the form of cross-laminated timber (CLT), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), or similar, have been implemented outside the United States in lateral force-resisting systems, almost exclusively for wind load. Mass timber walls are natural candidates as a component in a rocking/re-centering system, owing to their inherent tendency to rock. While code provisions and design guidance for mass timber walls is sparse, when used in a rocking/re centering system, they can emulate a rocking precast concrete wall for which an approved code path exists. Additionally, their use in a rocking/re-centering system encourages consideration of beyond-code performance (e.g., low damage design, repairability design, etc.). Current implementation of re-centering mass timber walls in the United States is through the performance-based procedures of ASCE/SEI 7, typically substantiated through nonlinear response history analysis. Extending mass timber walls to taller buildings in the United States is feasible; however, it requires an additional level of thoughtful design, explicit analysis and testing, and careful detailing. These include: • Deformation compatibility of gravity connections—These connections are typically concealed for architectural reasons and, to date, have not been tested to story drifts expected of a tall building in a high seismic region. • Shear modulus of wood—Compared to reinforced concrete and steel, the ratio of an equivalent shear modulus to the elastic modulus of wood is much smaller. This results in the greater significance of shear deformations. Furthermore, equivalent shear moduli for mass timber panels, such as CLT, are not well bounded in the current literature and research. • Serviceability under wind loads—As re-centering mass timber wall buildings become taller, the effect of wind loads on base rocking and floor accelerations begins to become a critical aspect of design. • Post-tensioning loss—Post-tensioning loss due to wood creep and moisture change can be more significant than for a comparable precast concrete wall. This is further exacerbated in a tall building. The presentation will feature select examples from a case study project, Framework. The Framework Project is currently under design by KPFF Consulting Engineers and recently won the U.S. Tall Wood Building Prize Competition https://tallwoodbuildingcompetition.org Findings from a collaborative research project between the University of California Los Angeles and KPFF Consulting Engineers on the application of rocking/re-centering concrete walls for tall buildings will also be presented for comparisons against tall mass timber buildings.

Presenter: James Ricles
Affiliation: Lehigh University

Abstract: Unlike conventional steel special concentrically-braced frames (SCBFs), rocking self-centering (SC) concentrically-braced frames (SC-CBFs) are designed to suffer no significant structural damage under the design basis earthquake (DBE), enabling the building to be functional after the DBE. Similar to conventional structural systems, SC-CBFs are designed to avoid collapse under the maximum considered earthquake (MCE). In general, SC systems have several features: the lateral force-drift behavior softens without inelastic deformation of the structural members; this softening behavior is created by gap opening at selected post-tensioned connections; and energy dissipation under seismic loading is not from damage to main structural members, but from energy dissipation elements that are specified in the design process. The seismic behavior of the SC-CBF is characterized by uplift of one column of the frame after the base overturning moment is large enough to overcome precompression of the column to the foundation from vertically-oriented post-tensioning bars. After column decompression and uplift, the behavior of the CBF is dominated by rigid body rotation (i.e., rocking). The presentation will show results of large-scale hybrid earthquake simulations on SC-CBF laboratory specimens, as well as numerical simulation results. The SC-CBF in this study was designed for no structural damage under the DBE, and minimal damage under the MCE. The simulations showed that these objectives were satisfied.

Presenter: Robert B. Olshansky
Affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Presenter: William Siembieda
Affiliation: Cal Poly-SLO

Abstract: In 2015 Chile experienced three seismic events of 6.7-8.3Mw. There was minor damage from these events, and well-executed tsunami evacuations in coastal cities. There also were extreme flash floods and mudslides in the Atacama region (about 800 km north of Santiago), some of which included large amounts of contaminated soils. In 2014 there also was a massive WUI fire in Valparaiso (70 km west of Santiago) in six heavily populated ravines. This presentation focuses on the flooding and fire events, examining the recovery and reconstruction efforts and how the Chilean crisis management system is addressing these events in the most impacted cities.

Presenter: Lizzie Blaisdell
Affiliation: Build Change